Acknowledgements & Credits

We are grateful to the following reviewers, each of whom reviewed one or more chapters of The Teacher-Friendly Guide™ to the Earth Science of the South Central US: Warren Allmon, Jayne Aubele, Don Duggan-Haas, Allen Macfarlane, Judith Parrish, Art Waterman, Thomas Yancey, and Ingrid Zabel. Thanks to Jessica Cundiff, Philip Perkins, Catherine Weisel, Robert Elias, and David Meyer for help with Chapter 3: Fossils.

Richard Kissel managed early content development of the Guide, and was aided in content research by Sara Auer Perry. The glossary was developed by Paula Mikkelsen and Andrielle Swaby.

Funding for this Guide came from National Science Foundation DR K-12 grant DRL-0733303 to the Paleontological Research Institution. Funding to start The Teacher-Friendly Guide™ series was provided by the Arthur Vining Davis Foundations. Jane (Ansley) Picconi did page layout for the first Guide in the series, The Teacher-Friendly Guide™ to the Geology of the Northeastern US (Paleontological Research Institution special publication 24, 2000), many features of which have been adopted for this Guide.

Figure Credits

Chapter 1: Geologic History

  • 1.1: Jane Picconi
  • 1.2: Jim Houghton
  • 1.3: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 1.4: Adapted from image by John Goodge, USGS
  • 1.5 - 1.9: Adapted from image by Ron Blakey, NAU Geology
  • 1.10: Jim Houghton
  • 1.11: Adapted from image by Ron Blakey, NAU Geology
  • 1.12: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by William A. Cobban and Kevin C. McKinney, USGS
  • 1.13: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Spearing, D., 2007, Roadside Geology of Louisiana, Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, MT
  • 1.14 - 1.15: NOAA
  • 1.16: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Illinois State Geological Survey
  • 1.17: Jim Houghton
  • Crust Box: Jim Houghton
  • Sedimentary Structures Box: Jim Houghton
  • Pangaea Box: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from USGS

Chapter 2: Rocks

  • 2.1: Jane Picconi
  • 2.2: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 2.3: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Prior, J., 1991, Landforms of Iowa, Geological Survey Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, University of Iowa Press, Iowa City
  • 2.4: “Ichabod” [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 2.5: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image in Levin, Harold (2006), The Earth Through Time (8th edition), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ
  • 2.6: Steve Rainwater [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.7: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 2.8: Cliff White, Missouri Department of Conservation
  • 2.9: “Fredlyfish4” [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 2.10: Charles Baxter, reproduced with permission
  • 2.11: Mary Beth Trubitt, reproduced with permission of the Arkansas Archaeological Survey
  • 2.12: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 2.13: Jim Houghton
  • 2.14: NOAA
  • 2.15: Andy Milford [CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.16: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin
  • 2.17: Gregg Eckhardt, reproduced with permission
  • 2.18-2.19: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 2.20: Ed Schipul [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.21: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.22: Wendy Van Norden
  • 2.23: Wing Chi-Poon [CC-BY-SA-2.5] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 2.24: “Nationalparks” [CC-BY-SA-2.5] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 2.25: J. Stephen Conn [CC-BY-NC-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.26: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 2.27: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USGS
  • 2.28: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
  • 2.29: Miguel Vieira [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.30: “David” [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.31: “Fredlyfish4” [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.32: Jim Houghton
  • Metamorphism Box: Jim Houghton
  • Surface Rocks Box: Jim Houghton
  • Sedimentary Environments Box: Jim Houghton
  • Columnar Jointing Box: Wendy Van Norden

Chapter 3: Fossils

  • 3.1: Andrielle Swaby
  • 3.2: © Christi Sobel, redrawn from Popov L. E., & L. E. Holmer, 2003, Understanding linguloid brachiopods: Obolus and Ungula as examples, Carnets de Géologie/Notebooks on Geology
  • 3.3: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.4: © Christi Sobel, redrawn from Stitt, J. H., 1983, Enrolled late Cambrian trilobites from the Davis Formation, Southeast Missouri, Journal of Paleontology, 57(1): 93 - 105
  • 3.5: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.6: A) Palmer, E. L., 1965, Fossils. D. C. Heath, Boston, MA (top); © Christi Sobel (bottom) B) © Christi Sobel, redrawn from Stinchcomb, B. L., 2010, Fossils of the Van Buren Formation and the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary of Missouri, MAPS Digest, 33 (1)
  • 3.7: Photograph by Warren Allmon, PRI uncataloged specimen in the collection of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY; inset by Georg Liljevall
  • 3.8: © Christi Sobel, redrawn from Unklesbay, A. G., 1955, The Common Fossils of Missouri, University of Missouri Press, Columbia
  • 3.9: Photographs by Wade Greenberg-Brand, PRI 1388 and 45505 in the collection of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY
  • 3.10: A) © Christi Sobel, redrawn from Unklesbay, A. G., 1955, The Common Fossils of Missouri, University of Missouri Press, Columbia; B) Palmer, E. L., 1965, Fossils, D.C. Heath, Boston
  • 3.11 - 3.12: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.13: © Christi Sobel, redrawn from Unklesbay, A. G., 1955, The Common Fossils of Missouri, University of Missouri Press, Columbia
  • 3.14 - 3.15: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.16 - 3.17: © Christi Sobel, redrawn from Unklesbay, A. G., 1955, The Common Fossils of Missouri, University of Missouri Press, Columbia
  • 3.18: Photograph by Wade Greenberg-Brand, PRI 50264 in the collection of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY
  • 3.19: © Christi Sobel, redrawn from Mary Parrish in: DiMichele, W. A., 2001, Carboniferous coal-swamp forests, pp. 79 - 82, in: Palaeobiology II, D. E. G. Briggs & P. R. Crowther (eds.), Blackwell Science, London
  • 3.20: Christi Sobel, redrawn from Unklesbay, A. G., 1955, The Common Fossils of Missouri, University of Missouri Press, Columbia
  • 3.21: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.22: © Christi Sobel, redrawn from Babcock, L. E., D. F. Merriam, & R. R. West, 2000, Paleolimulus, an early limuline (Xiphosurida), from Pennsylvanian-Permian Lagerstätten of Kansas and taphonomic comparison with modern Limulus, Lethaia, 33: 129 - 141
  • 3.23: Harvard Magazine, reproduced with permission
  • 3.24 - 3.28: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.29: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 3.30-3.32: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.33: A) © Christi Sobel; B) Eastman, C. R. (ed.), 1913, Text-book of Paleontology, adapted from the German of K. A. von Zittel, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, Macmillan & Company, London
  • 3.34: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 3.35: Palmer, K. V. W., 1937, The Claibornian Scaphopoda, Gastropoda and dibranchiate Cephalopoda of the southern United States, Bulletins of American Paleontology Vol. 7
  • 3.36: A) Pavel Riha [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons; B) Photograph by Wade Greenberg-Brand, PRI 3901 in the collection of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY
  • 3.37: Plummer, H. J., 1926, Foraminifera of the Midway Formation in Texas, University of Texas Bulletin 2644
  • 3.38: © Christi Sobel, redrawn from Albright, B., 1996, Insectivores, rodents, and carnivores of the Toledo Bend local fauna: an Arikareean (earliest Miocene) assemblage from the Texas Coastal Plain, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16(3): 458 - 473
  • 3.39: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.40: Mike Viney, The Virtual Petrified Wood Museum, reproduced with permission
  • 3.41: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.42: A) H. Zell [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons; B) Michelle Pemberton [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.43 - 3.44: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.45: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by William A. Cobban and Kevin C. McKinney, USGS
  • 3.46 - 3.47: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.48: “Valugi” [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.49: A) Photograph by Wade Greenberg-Brand, PRI accession no. 1261 in the collection of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY; B) and C) © Christi Sobel
  • 3.50: Ed Schipul [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Wikimedia Commons; inset by Warren Allmon
  • 3.51: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.52: A) Matt Martyniuk [CC-BY-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons; B) © Christi Sobel
  • 3.53: A) and C) Othniel Marsh; B) and D) Nobu Tamura [CC-BY-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.54: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.55: Hannes Grobe [CC-BY-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.56: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.57-3.58: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.59: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 3.60: Dill Tom [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 3.61: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.62: A) © Christi Sobel, redrawn from Woodburne, M. O., 2007, Phyletic diversification of the Cormohipparion occidentale complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, equidae), late Miocene, North America, and the origin of the old world Hippotherium datum, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 306; B) © Christi Sobel
  • 3.63: A) Wade Greenberg-Brand; B) Photograph by Wade Greenberg-Brand, PRI uncataloged specimens in the collection of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY
  • 3.64: A) © Christi Sobel; B) Mark A. Wilson
  • 3.65 - 3.66: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.67: Jeff Kubina [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 3.68: Heinrich Harder
  • Brachiopod Box: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • Conodont Box: © Christi Sobel
  • Graptolite Box: © Christi Sobel
  • Skulls Box: © Christi Sobel
  • Mammoths and Mastodons Box: © Christi Sobel
  • Ammonoid Box: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by www.renmanart.com
  • Waco Mammoth Box: Larry D. Moore [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • Sauropod Box: © Christi Sobel

Chapter 4: Topography

  • 4.1: Jim Houghton
  • 4.2: Adapted from image by USGS
  • 4.3 - 4.4: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Kansas Geologic Survey
  • 4.5: National Park Service
  • 4.6: Pearson Scott Foresman
  • 4.7: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by G. G. Huffman, Oklahoma Geological Survey
  • 4.8: Adapted from image by Ron Blakey, NAU Geology
  • 4.9: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Budnik, R. T., 1986, Left-lateral intraplate deformation along the Ancestral Rocky Mountains: implications for late Paleozoic plate motions, Tectonophysics, 132: 195 - 214
  • 4.10: Robert Thigpen [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.11: “Kbh3rd” [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 4.12: “Pattie” [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.13: NOAA
  • 4.14: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Spearing, D., 2007, Roadside Geology of Louisiana, Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, MT
  • 4.15: “Dboutte” [CC-BY-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 4.16: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Britannica Online for Kids
  • 4.17: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USGS
  • 4.18: “Kbh3rd” [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 4.19: “Sarowen” [CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.20: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
  • 4.21: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 4.22: Corey Leopold [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.23: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
  • Karst Topography Box: Jim Houghton; Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • Elevation Map: Andrielle Swaby

Chapter 5: Mineral Resources

  • 5.1: Jane Picconi
  • 5.2: Adapted from USGS 2009 State Minerals Yearbook
  • 5.3: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Levin, H., 2006, The Earth Through Time, 8th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ
  • 5.4: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Swinsto101 [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 5.5: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by the Salt Association
  • 5.6: US Fish and Wildlife Service
  • 5.7: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 5.8: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 5.9: Adapted from USGS 2009 State Minerals Yearbook
  • 5.10: “JustTooLazy” [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 5.11: Missouri Department of Natural Resources
  • 5.12: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 5.13: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 5.14: EPA
  • 5.15: Adapted from USGS 2009 State Minerals Yearbook
  • 5.16: “Swcom” [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Com-mons
  • 5.17: Adapted from USGS 2009 State Minerals Yearbook
  • 5.18: David R. Tribble [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 5.19: Kansas Geological Survey
  • 5.20: US Bureau of Land Management
  • 5.21: Jim Houghton
  • 5.22: Adapted from USGS 2009 State Minerals Yearbook
  • Hydrothermal Solutions Box: Jim Houghton

Chapter 6: Glaciers

  • 6.1: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Illinois State Geological Survey
  • 6.2-6.4: Jim Houghton
  • 6.5: Rowan McLaughlin [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 6.6: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 6.7: Pearson Scott Foresman
  • 6.8: Jim Houghton
  • 6.9: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 6.10: Jim Houghton
  • 6.11: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Lisiecki, L. E., & M. E. Rayno, 2005, A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003, doi:10.1029/2004PA001071
  • 6.12: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from data by NOAA
  • 6.13: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Kansas Geological Survey
  • 6.14: Adapted from image by Frank Thompson [CC-BY-NC-2.0] via Flickr
  • 6.15: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Kansas Geological Survey
  • 6.16: © Ted C. MacRae, beetlesinthebush.wordpress.com, reproduced with permission
  • 6.17: NOAA

Chapter 7: Energy

  • 7.1: Jim Houghton
  • 7.2: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by US Energy Information Administration
  • 7.3: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Peter Nester
  • 7.4: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USGS
  • 7.5: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by US Energy Information Administration
  • 7.6: Jim Houghton
  • 7.7: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Levin, H., 2006, The Earth Through Time, 8th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ
  • 7.8: Jonathan Dresner [CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0] via Flickr; inset by Michael Overton [CC-BY-SA-2.5] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 7.9: Nuclear Regulatory Commission [CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 7.10: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by US Energy Information Administration
  • 7.11: Jason Hunter [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 7.12: Peter Nester
  • 7.13: John Trost
  • 7.14: Kevin Trotman [CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 7.15: NASA MODIS
  • 7.16: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 7.17: Roy Luck [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 7.18: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 7.19: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by National Renewable Energy Laboratory
  • 7.20: “Fredlyfish4” [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Flickr
  • Oil and Gas Box: Jim Houghton
  • Coal Box: Jim Houghton
  • Salt Dome Box: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Britannica Online for Kids
  • Energy Facts by State: Adapted from data by US Energy Information Administration

Chapter 8: Soils

  • 8.1-8.2: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USDA NRCS
  • 8.3: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 8.4: USDA NRCS
  • 8.5-8.12: Andrielle Swaby, adapted from image by USDA
  • 8.13: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Brady, N., 1984, The Nature and Properties of Soils, 9th edition, Macmillan, New York
  • 8.14: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 8.15: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Kansas Geological Survey
  • 8.16: USDA Department of Agriculture
  • 8.17: Miguel Vieira [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 8.18: Jo Naylor [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 8.19: USDA
  • 8.20: Zachary A. Musselman [CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0] via serc.carlton.edu
  • 8.21: Arkansas Geological Survey
  • 8.22: USDA Department of Agriculture

Chapter 9: Climate

  • 9.1: Jim Houghton
  • 9.2: Robert Rohde [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 9.3: Adapted from Wikipedia
  • 9.4-9.5: Adapted from image by Ron Blakey, NAU Geology
  • 9.6: “Leaflet” [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 9.7: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by William A. Cobban and Kevin C. McKinney, USGS
  • 9.8-9.9: Adapted from image by Scenarios for Climate Assessment and Adaptation
  • 9.10: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 9.11: NOAA
  • 9.12-9.13: National Climate Assessment
  • 9.14: Earl Nottingham, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
  • 9.15: National Climate Assessment
  • Köppen Climate Box: Wade Greenberg-Brand

Chapter 10: Earth Hazards

  • 10.1: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 10.2: USGS
  • 10.3: Adapted from image by USGS
  • 10.4: “Kbh3rd” [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 10.5: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from images by Kansas Geological Survey
  • 10.6: USGS
  • 10.7: Adapted from image by USGS
  • 10.8: USGS
  • 10.9: “Leaflet” [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 10.10: Adapted from image by USGS
  • 10.11: Ryan Joy [CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 10.12: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 10.13: © James Aber, reproduced with permission
  • 10.14: Adapted from image by USGS
  • 10.15: “Pattie” [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 10.16: Rick Mester [CC-BY-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 10.17: Adapted from image by Tobin and Weary, USGS
  • 10.18: Governor’s Office of Homeland Security & Emergency Preparedness—State of Louisiana
  • 10.19: Google Earth
  • 10.20: EPA
  • 10.21: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by EPA
  • 10.22: Adapted from images by USGS and NASA
  • 10.23: “CGehlen” [CC-BY-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 10.24: Zina Deretsky, NSF
  • 10.25: NOAA
  • 10.26: Adapted from image by Alex Matus [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 10.27: NASA and the National Hurricane Center
  • 10.28: NOAA
  • 10.29: National Climate Assessment
  • 10.30: George E. Marsh, NOAA
  • 10.31: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Eric Lubeheusen, USDA
  • 10.32: US Global Change Research Program
  • 10.33: Union of Concerned Scientists

Chapter 11: Fieldwork

  • 11.1 - 11.2: PRI
  • 11.3: Don Duggan-Haas

Appendix

  • A.1 - A.3: Next Generation Science Standards