Acknowledgements & Credits

Figure Credits

Chapter 1: Geologic History

  • 1.1: Jim Houghton
  • 1.2: Jane Picconi
  • 1.3 - 1.4: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 1.5: Adapted from image by John Goodge, USGS
  • 1.6: Adapted from image by Ron Blakey, NAU Geology
  • 1.7: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 1.8 - 1.10: Adapted from image by Ron Blakey, NAU Geology
  • 1.11: NOAA
  • 1.12: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by William A. Cobban and Kevin C. McKinney, USGS
  • 1.13: "Kbh3rd" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 1.14: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Digital Geology of Idaho
  • 1.15: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Illinois State Geological Survey
  • 1.16: Jim Houghton
  • 1.17: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by the Montana Natural History Center
  • Sedimentary Structures Box: Jim Houghton
  • Crust Box: Jim Houghton
  • Plate Boundaries Box: Jose F. Vigil, USGS
  • Pangaea Box: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from USGS

Chapter 2: Rocks

  • 2.1: Jane Picconi
  • 2.2: "Jerry" [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.3: "AlexiusHoratius" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 2.4: Katie Chao and Ben Muessig [CC-BY-SA-2.5] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 2.5: Dean Franklin [CC-BY-2.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 2.6: Margaret River [CC-BY-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.7: Walter Siegmund [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 2.8: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by William A. Cobban and Kevin C. McKinney, USGS
  • 2.9: Colin Faulkingham
  • 2.10: "rjcox" [CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.11: Rodney Benson, reprinted with permission
  • 2.12: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.13: Bob Wick, Bureau of Land Management
  • 2.14: National Park Service
  • 2.15: Doug Kerr [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.16: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.17: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image in Mason, J. A., Bettis, A. E., Roberts, H. M., Muhs, D. R., and Joeckel, R. M. (2006), Last glacial loess sedimentary system of eastern Nebraska and western Iowa, AMQUA post-meeting field trip no. 1; in, Guidebook of the 18th Biennial Meeting of the American Quaternary Association, R. Mandel, ed.: Kansas Geological Survey, Technical Series 21
  • 2.18: Kylir Horton [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.19: Rick Cummings [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.20: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.21: Matt Affolter [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 2.22: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 2.23: Bobak Ha’Eri [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 2.24: James L. Stuby
  • 2.25: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 2.26: "carfull…" [CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.27-2.28: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.29: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USGS
  • 2.30: "Acroterion" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 2.31: Mark Byzewski [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.32: Greg Willis [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.33: Tony Hisgett [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.34: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.35: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 2.36: "The DLC" [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 2.37: Bureau of Land Management
  • 2.38: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USGS
  • 2.39: Jim Houghton
  • Metamorphism Box: Jim Houghton
  • Surface Rocks Box: Jim Houghton
  • Sedimentary Environments Box: Jim Houghton
  • Columnar Jointing Box: Wendy Van Norden
  • Komatiite Box: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • Stromatolite Box: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • Volcanic Flows Box: Bureau of Land Management

Chapter 3: Fossils

  • 3.1: Andrielle Swaby
  • 3.2: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.3-3.4: Hayden, F. V. (1872), Final Report of the United States Geological Survey of Nebraska and Portions of the Adjacent Territories, Government Printing Office, Washington DC
  • 3.5: A) © Christi Sobel; B) Mark A. Wilson
  • 3.6: Dawson, J. W., Sir (1880), The Chain of Life in Geological Time: A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants, The Religious Tract Society, London, UK
  • 3.7: Pabian, R. K. (1970), Record in Rock: A Handbook of the Invertebrate Fossils of Nebraska, Conservation and Survey Division, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE. Reprinted with permission
  • 3.8 - 3.9: Hayden, F. V. (1872), Final Report of the United States Geological Survey of Nebraska and Portions of the Adjacent Territories, Government Printing Office, Washington DC
  • 3.10 - 3.11: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.12: Pabian, R. K. (1970), Record in Rock: A Handbook of the Invertebrate Fossils of Nebraska, Conservation and Survey Division, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE. Reprinted with permission
  • 3.13: A) Baird, G.C., and C.E. Brett (1983), Regional Variation and Paleontology of Two Coral Beds in the Middle Devonian Hamilton Group of Western New York, Journal of Paleontology, 57(3): 417 - 446; B) Adapted from image by "Kevmin" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.14 - 3.15: Rod Feldmann
  • 3.16: A) H. Zell [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons; B) Adapted from image by "Smokeybjb" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.17: The Virtual Fossil Museum [CC-BY-NC-4.0]
  • 3.18: A) and D) Imlay, R.W. (1948), Characteristic marine Jurassic fossils from the Western Interior of the United States, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 214-B, 25 pp., 9 pls.; B) and C) Shimer, H. W., and R. R. Shrock (1944), Index Fossils of North America: A New Work Based on the Complete Revision and Reillustration of Grabau and Shimer's 'North American Index Fossils', MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
  • 3.19: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 3.20: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.21: Hannes Grobe [CC-BY-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.22-3.23: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.24: Frederic A. Lucas
  • 3.25: A) and C) Othniel Marsh; B) and D) Nobu Tamura [CC-BY-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.26: UMPC specimen 17598, University of Montana Paleontology Center; reprinted with permission
  • 3.27 - 3.29: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.30: Plummer, Helen Jeanne (1926), Foraminifera of the Midway Formation in Texas, University of Texas Bulletin 2644
  • 3.31: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 3.32: Brown, R. W. (1939), Fossil plants from the Colgate member of the Fox Hills sandstone and adjacent strata, USGS Professional Paper 189-I, pp. 239 - 271
  • 3.33: "MCDinosaurhunter" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.34: A) "EvaK" [Free Art License 1.3] via Wikimedia Commons; B) "Ballista" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons; C) Adapted from image by Vince Smith [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr; D) Adapted from image by Connie Ma [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.35: "Anky-man" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.36: A) The Children's Museum of Indianapolis [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons; Inset: "Kabacchi" [CC-BY-2.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.37: Rod Feldmann
  • 3.38: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 3.39: A) Scott, W. B. (1913), A History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere, Macmillan Company, New York; B) Frank E. Beddard; C) and D) Robert Bruce Horsfall
  • 3.40 - 3.41: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.42: Scott, W. B. (1913), A History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere, Macmillan Company, New York
  • 3.43: A) and D) O'Harra, C.C. (1920), The White River Badlands, South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin 13, Department of Geology, Rapid City, SD; B) Scott, W. B. (1913), A History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere, Macmillan Company, New York; C) and E) © Christi Sobel
  • 3.44: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.45: National Park Service
  • 3.46: A) © Christi Sobel; B) O'Harra, C.C. (1920), The White River Badlands, South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin 13, Department of Geology, Rapid City, SD
  • 3.47 - 3.49: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.50: Tuthill, S. J. (1963), Mollusks from Wisconsinian (Pleistocene) Ice-Contact Sediments of the Missouri Coteau in Central North Dakota, University of North Dakota Master's Thesis, Grand Forks, ND; reprinted with the permission of Joseph Hartman
  • 3.51: Greg Willis [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 3.52: A) and B) © Christi Sobel; C) Shimer, H. W., and R. R. Shrock (1944), Index Fossils of North America: A New Work Based on the Complete Revision and Reillustration of Grabau and Shimer's 'North American Index Fossils', MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
  • 3.53: © Christi Sobel
  • 3.54: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 3.55: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 3.56: Photograph by Wade Greenberg-Brand, specimen Acc. 1580 in the collection of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY
  • 3.57: A), B), and D) James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr; C) Didier Descouens [CC-BY-SA-4.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 3.58: USGS
  • 3.59 - 3.61: © Christi Sobel
  • Brachiopod Box: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • Crinoid Box: © Christi Sobel
  • Conodont Box: © Christi Sobel
  • Ammonoid Box: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by www.renmanart.com
  • Maiasaura Box: "Drow male" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • Toe Numbers Box: Scott, W. B. (1913), A History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere, Macmillan Company, New York
  • Mammal Teeth Box: Scott, W. B. (1913), A History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere, Macmillan Company, New York
  • Mammoths and Mastodons Box: © Christi Sobel
  • Graptolite Box: © Christi Sobel
  • Archaeocyathid Box: © Christi Sobel

Chapter 4: Topography

  • 4.1: Wendy Van Norden
  • 4.2: Jim Houghton
  • 4.3: Robin Lacassin [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 4.4: Adapted from image by USGS
  • 4.5: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 4.6: Jimmy Emerson [CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.7: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Minnesota River Basin Data Center
  • 4.8: Wade Greenberg-Brand and Andrielle Swaby
  • 4.9: Ali Eminov [CC-BY-NC-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.10: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Trimble, Donald (1980), The Geologic Story of the Great Plains, US Geological Survey Bulletin 1493
  • 4.11: "Shannon1" [CC-BY-SA-4.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 4.12: Peggy Petersen
  • 4.13: Justin Meissen [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.14: "Thomas" [CC-BY-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.15: "Ammodramus"
  • 4.16: USDA
  • 4.17: "Navin75" [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.18: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USGS
  • 4.19: Nazhiyath Vijayan [CC-BY-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.20: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 4.21: "Fredlyfish4" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 4.22: Rod Jones Photography [CC-BY-2.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 4.23: "Trail Sherpa" [CC-BY-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.24: Mike Cline
  • 4.25: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Digital Geology of Idaho
  • 4.26: USGS
  • 4.27: Greg Willis [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 4.28: National Park Service
  • 4.29: "bsgordonaspen" [CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.30: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USGS
  • 4.31: Nan Palmero [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.32: "The DLC" [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 4.33: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 4.34: Charles Peterson [CC-BY-NC-2.0] via Flickr
  • Elevation Map: Andrielle Swaby

Chapter 5: Mineral Resources

  • 5.1: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from USGS 2009 State Minerals Yearbook
  • 5.2: North Dakota Geological Survey
  • 5.3: "Dummy" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 5.4: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by "Swinsto101" [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 5.5: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by the Salt Association
  • 5.6: Brooks Britt
  • 5.7: Heinrich Pniok [CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 5.8: Rachel Harris [CC-BY-2.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 5.9: USGS
  • 5.10: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from USGS 2009 State Minerals Yearbook
  • 5.11: NASA
  • 5.12: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 5.13: Sam Beebe [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 5.14: "Beth" [CC-BY-NC-2.0] via Flickr
  • 5.15: "Patellison42"
  • 5.16: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 5.17: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 5.18: James St. John [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 5.19: "m01229" [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 5.20 - 5.21: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from USGS 2009 State Minerals Yearbook
  • 5.22: NPS
  • Elements Box: Jane Picconi
  • Hydrothermal Solutions Box: Jim Houghton

Chapter 6: Glaciers

  • 6.1: Jim Houghton
  • 6.2: Frank Granshaw
  • 6.3: Jim Houghton
  • 6.4: Frank Granshaw
  • 6.5: Jim Houghton
  • 6.6: Ken Lund [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 6.7: © Larry Dodge, reprinted with permission
  • 6.8: Google Earth
  • 6.9: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 6.10: Pearson Scott Foresman
  • 6.11: Jim Houghton
  • 6.12: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 6.13: Jim Houghton
  • 6.14: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Lisiecki, L.E. and Rayno, M.E. (2005), A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003, doi:10.1029/2004PA001071
  • 6.15: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from data by NOAA
  • 6.16: USGS
  • 6.17: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Illinois State Geological Survey
  • 6.18: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Mason, J. A., Bettis, A. E., Roberts, H. M., Muhs, D. R., and Joeckel, R. M. (2006), Last glacial loess sedimentary system of eastern Nebraska and western Iowa, AMQUA post-meeting field trip no. 1; In: Guidebook of the 18th Biennial Meeting of the American Quaternary Association, R. Mandel, ed.: Kansas Geological Survey, Technical Series 21
  • 6.19: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Steven Dutch
  • 6.20: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 6.21: National Park Service
  • 6.22: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by the Montana Natural History Center
  • 6.23: Tawheed Manzoor [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 6.24: Esther Lee [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 6.25: National Park Service

Chapter 7: Energy

  • 7.1: Jim Houghton
  • 7.2: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by US Energy Information Administration
  • 7.3: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Peter Nester
  • 7.4: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USGS
  • 7.5: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 7.6: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USDA
  • 7.7: Bureau of Land Management
  • 7.8: Jim Houghton
  • 7.9: Tim Evanson [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 7.10: US Department of Energy
  • 7.11: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by National Renewable Energy Laboratory
  • 7.12: Wendy Shattil/Bob Rozinksi [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 7.13: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by US Energy Information Administration
  • 7.14: US Army Corps of Engineers
  • 7.15: "Blatant Views" [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • 7.16: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by National Renewable Energy Laboratory
  • 7.17: Geothermal Resources Council [CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0] via Flickr
  • Coal Box: Jim Houghton
  • Oil and Gas Box: Jim Houghton
  • Geothermal Box: Wade Greenberg-Brand

Chapter 8: Soils

  • 8.1-8.2: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USDA NRCS
  • 8.3: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 8.4: USDA NRCS
  • 8.5 - 8.11: Andrielle Swaby, adapted from image by USDA
  • 8.12: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Brady, Nyle (1984), The Nature and Properties of Soils (9th edition), Macmillan, New York
  • 8.13: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Mason, J. A., Bettis, A. E., Roberts, H. M., Muhs, D. R., and Joeckel, R. M. (2006), Last glacial loess sedimentary system of eastern Nebraska and western Iowa, AMQUA post-meeting field trip no. 1; In: Guidebook of the 18th Biennial Meeting of the American Quaternary Association, R. Mandel, ed.: Kansas Geological Survey, Technical Series 21
  • 8.14: USDA
  • 8.15: Spencer Cody
  • 8.16: USDA
  • 8.17: USDA NRCS
  • 8.18: Spencer Cody
  • 8.19: Jill Cody
  • 8.20: US Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management
  • 8.21: "Leaflet" [CC-BY-SA-4.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 8.22 - 8.23: USDA NRCS
  • 8.24: "jemartin03" [CC-BY-ND-2.0] via Flickr

Chapter 9: Climate

  • 9.1: Jim Houghton
  • 9.2: Robert Rohde [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 9.3: Adapted from Wikipedia
  • 9.4: Adapted from image by Ron Blakey, NAU Geology
  • 9.5: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USGS
  • 9.6: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by William A. Cobban and Kevin C. McKinney, USGS
  • 9.7: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Illinois State Geological Survey
  • 9.8 - 9.9: Adapted from image by Scenarios for Climate Assessment and Adaptation
  • 9.10: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 9.11: Sarah Nichols [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 9.12: NOAA
  • 9.13 - 9.14: National Climate Assessment
  • 9.15: Tom Hiett, reproduced with permission
  • 9.16: Chris M. Morris [CC-BY-2.0] via Flickr
  • Köppen Climate Box: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • Jet Stream Box: NASA

Chapter 10: Earth Hazards

  • 10.1: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 10.2: USGS
  • 10.3: Adapted from image by USGS
  • 10.4: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by Idaho Bureau of Homeland Security
  • 10.5: Idaho Bureau of Homeland Security
  • 10.6: USGS
  • 10.7: National Park Service
  • 10.8: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USGS
  • 10.9: USGS
  • 10.10: Adapted from image by USGS
  • 10.11: Kayla Laughlin [CC-BY-SA-2.0] via Flickr
  • 10.12: USGS
  • 10.13: D. Krammer, NOAA/NGDC
  • 10.14: Wade Greenberg-Brand
  • 10.15 - 10.17: Donald Schwert, North Dakota State University, reprinted with permission
  • 10.18: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by USGS
  • 10.19: Adapted from image by Tobin and Weary, USGS
  • 10.20: Rodney Benson, reprinted with permission
  • 10.21: EPA
  • 10.22: Wade Greenberg-Brand, adapted from image by EPA
  • 10.23: "Shannon1" [CC-BY-SA-4.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 10.24: NOAA
  • 10.25: US Army Corps of Engineers
  • 10.26: USGS
  • 10.27: North Dakota State Water Commission
  • 10.28: NOAA
  • 10.29: Adapted from image by Alex Matus [CC-BY-SA-3.0] via Wikimedia Commons
  • 10.30: Dan Udager, USDA NRCS
  • 10.31: NASA
  • 10.32: USDA
  • 10.33: US Global Change Research Program
  • 10.34: Union of Concerned Scientists

Chapter 11: Fieldwork

  • 11.1 - 11.2: PRI
  • 11.3: Don Duggan-Haas

Appendix

  • A.1-A.3: Next Generation Science Standards